The study examines the causes and scale of the emigration of the Muslim population (Turks and Tatars) from Dobruja to the Ottoman Empire between 1878 and 1916. After Dobruja’s incorporation into Romania, administrative reforms, legal changes, and land policies generated tensions that encouraged part of the Muslim community to leave. Within the community, debates emerged between supporters and opponents of emigration, influenced by religious, political, and identity - related factors. The Ottoman Empire sought to discourage emigration for political and economic reasons while also supporting Muslims who remained in Dobruja. Due to contradictory and imprecise statistics, the exact number of emigrants cannot be determined, but it is estimated that over 100,000 Muslims permanently left Dobruja during this period.